Spin polarized electron dynamics enhance water splitting efficiency by yttrium iron garnet photoanodes: a new platform for spin selective photocatalysis.

This work presents a spectroscopic and photocatalytic comparison of water splitting using yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12, YIG) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes. Despite similar electronic structures, YIG significantly outperforms widely studied hematite, displaying more than an order of magnitude increase in photocurrent density. Probing the charge and spin dynamics by ultrafast, surface-sensitive XUV spectroscopy reveals that the enhanced performance arises from (1) reduced polaron formation in YIG compared to hematite and (2) an intrinsic spin polarization of catalytic photocurrents in YIG. Ultrafast XUV measurements show a reduction in the formation of surface electron polarons compared to hematite due to site-dependent electron-phonon coupling. This leads to spin polarized photocurrents in YIG where efficient charge separation occurs on the Td sub-lattice compared to fast trapping and electron/hole pair recombination on the Oh sub-lattice. These lattice-dependent dynamics result in a long-lived spin aligned hole population at the YIG surface, which is directly observed using XUV magnetic circular dichroism. Comparison of the Fe M2,3 and O L1-edges show that spin aligned holes are hybridized between O 2p and Fe 3d valence band states, and these holes are responsible for highly efficient, spin selective water oxidation by YIG. Together, these results point to YIG as a new platform for highly efficient, spin selective photocatalysis.

Drop-out, adherence, and compliance in randomized controlled trials of exercise training in multiple sclerosis: Short report.

We documented reporting and rates of drop-out, adherence, and compliance from 40 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included in our meta-analysis on safety of exercise training (ET) in MS. We adopted definitions and metrics of adherence and compliance provided by the MoXFo adherence group. Drop-out was reported in 100% of the RCTs and approximated 10% for intervention and control conditions. Adherence and compliance were reported in approximately 50% and 10% of the RCTs, respectively, and approximated 80% and 70%, respectively. Standardized metrics for reporting adherence and compliance are important in future RCTs for understanding the impact on outcomes and translation of research evidence into practice.

Structural degeneracy and formation of crystallographic domains in epitaxial LaFeO3 films revealed by machine-learning assisted 4D-STEM.

Structural domains and domain walls, inherent in single crystalline perovskite oxides, can significantly influence the properties of the material and therefore must be considered as a vital part of the design of the epitaxial oxide thin films. We employ 4D-STEM combined with machine learning (ML) to comprehensively characterize domain structures at both high spatial resolution and over a significant spatial extent. Using orthorhombic LaFeO3 as a model system, we explore the application of unsupervised and supervised ML in domain mapping, which demonstrates robustness against experiment uncertainties. The results reveal the consequential formation of multiple domains due to the structural degeneracy when LaFeO3 film is grown on cubic SrTiO3. In situ annealing of the film shows the mechanism of domain coarsening that potentially links to phase transition of LaFeO3 at high temperatures. Moreover, synthesis of LaFeO3 on DyScO3 illustrates that a less symmetric orthorhombic substrate inhibits the formation of domain walls, thereby contributing to the mitigation of structural degeneracy. High fidelity of our approach also highlights the potential for the domain mapping of other complicated materials and thin films.

Patterns of Immunoreactivity with TTF-1 Antibodies 8G7G3/1 and SPT24 Suggest Distinct Immunoprofiles Between Most Pulmonary and Nonpulmonary Small Cell Carcinomas.

Introduction. Small cell carcinoma can arise from various sites. Herein, we analyze the ability of 2 thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) antibodies (SPT24 and 8G7G3/1) to separate pulmonary from nonpulmonary small cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods. We analyzed 26 pulmonary and 83 nonpulmonary small cell carcinomas, and 14 Merkel cell carcinomas. Each tumor was stained with SPT24 and 8G7G3/1. Extent of nuclear staining was scored as diffuse (>50%), focal (11%-50%), rare (1%-10%), or negative (<1%). Results. All pulmonary small cell carcinomas were positive for SPT24 and 8G7G3/1. Four Merkel cell carcinomas (29%) were positive for SPT24 (ranging from rare-to-diffuse), while 2 (14%) showed rare expression with 8G7G3/1. For nonpulmonary small cell carcinomas, 69 (83%) were positive for SPT24 and 40 (48%) were positive for 8G7G3/1. For SPT24 positive tumors, the extent of 8G7G3/1 expression was equal in 17 (25%) and less in 52 tumors (75%), including 29 (42%) that were negative for 8G7G3/1. No nonpulmonary small cell carcinoma had more staining with 8G7G3/1 compared to SPT24. The differences in staining between 8G7G3/1 and SPT24 in the nonpulmonary cohort were statistically significant (P < 0.0001) with no significant difference between primary and metastatic lesions for 8G7G3/1 (P = 0.66) or SPT24 (P = 0.77). Conclusion. Most pulmonary small cell carcinomas are diffusely positive for both SPT24 and 8G7G3/1, whereas most nonpulmonary small cell carcinomas exhibit focal-to-no staining with 8G7G3/1 and significantly less staining with 8G7G3/1 compared to SPT24. However, these trends are not absolute and should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical and radiological findings.

The Role of Resilience in the Impact of Family Economic Adversity on Youth Emotional Distress over Time.

Previous research has highlighted the enduring negative impact of family economic adversity on youth emotional well-being. However, the longitudinal mechanism underlying the link between economic adversity and emotional distress is less explored. The present study examined the longitudinal pathway of parent economic adversity, and parent and adolescent emotional distress at age 16, parental support at age 21, youth self-esteem and mastery at age 23, and adult emotional distress at age 27. Data came from the Family Transitions Project (N = 441, 57% female), a 30-year study of families from the rural Midwest. Structural equation models revealed that economic adversity exerted a long-term negative influence on adult emotional well-being through parent and adolescent emotional distress and youth self-esteem and mastery. Additionally, parental support was associated with adult emotional distress through youth self-esteem and mastery. The current study advances our understanding of youth emotional well-being by suggesting a longitudinal family process and resilience pathways from adolescence to early adulthood.

Genome sequences of 31 mycobacteriophages isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 at room temperature.

We report the genome sequences of 31 mycobacteriophages isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 at room temperature. The genomes add to the diversity of Clusters A, B, C, G, and K. Collectively, the genomes include 70 novel protein-coding genes that have no close relatives among the actinobacteriophages.

Adenocarcinomas of the Gynecologic Tract Involving the Urinary Bladder: A Series of 16 Cases Potentially Mimicking Urothelial Malignancy.

CONTEXT.­: There is limited literature describing gynecologic adenocarcinomas involving the urinary bladder, and potential diagnostic pitfalls. OBJECTIVE.­: To describe key features distinguishing metastatic (or extension of) gynecologic adenocarcinomas from urothelial carcinomas with glandular differentiation. DESIGN.­: Retrospective review of surgical pathology cases of gynecologic adenocarcinomas involving the bladder, from 2 different institutions, retrieved from surgical pathology archives, was performed. Morphologic features were recorded, along with immunohistochemistry results when available. Electronic medical records were reviewed for clinical and radiographic information. RESULTS.­: Sixteen cases of gynecologic adenocarcinomas (9 endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 4 endometrial serous carcinomas, 2 high-grade tubo-ovarian serous carcinomas, and 1 cervical adenosquamous carcinoma) involving the bladder were identified. All included cases had mucosal involvement potentially mimicking primary bladder neoplasms, including 4 cases originally diagnosed as urinary carcinomas. Tumors expressed keratin 7 (12 of 13; 92%), PAX8 (11 of 12; 92%), estrogen receptor (11 of 15; 73%), p16 (8 of 11; 73%), progesterone receptor (8 of 14; 57%), GATA3 (5 of 12; 42%), and p63 (3 of 11; 27%); all tumors were negative for keratin 20 (0 of 12). Features supportive of Müllerian origin included prior history of gynecologic malignancy, lack of morphologic heterogeneity in nonendometrioid tumors, and immunophenotypic coexpression of PAX8 and estrogen receptor with absent GATA3. Potential pitfalls seen in a subset of cases included misleading radiologic and cystoscopic findings, replacement of the overlying urothelial mucosa by tumor mimicking precursor lesions, focal GATA3 and/or p63 positivity, and areas of squamous differentiation in tumors of endometrioid histology. CONCLUSIONS.­: A combination of clinical history, certain morphologic features, and proper selection of immunohistochemical stains is key for the correct diagnosis of secondary gynecologic adenocarcinomas involving the urinary bladder.

Digitally Enabled Peer Support Intervention to Address Loneliness and Mental Health: Prospective Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Social isolation and loneliness affect 61% of US adults and are associated with significant increases in excessive mental and physical morbidity and mortality. Annual health care spending is US $1643 higher for socially isolated individuals than for those not socially isolated. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated the effects of participation with a digitally enabled peer support intervention on loneliness, depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life among adults with loneliness. METHODS: Adults aged 18 years and older living in Colorado were recruited to participate in a peer support program via social media campaigns. The intervention included peer support, group coaching, the ability to become a peer helper, and referral to other behavioral health resources. Participants were asked to complete surveys at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 days, which included questions from the validated University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire 2-Item Scale, General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale, and a 2-item measure assessing unhealthy days due to physical condition and mental condition. A growth curve modeling procedure using multilevel regression analyses was conducted to test for linear changes in the outcome variables from baseline to the end of the intervention. RESULTS: In total, 815 ethnically and socially diverse participants completed registration (mean age 38, SD 12.7; range 18-70 years; female: n=310, 38%; White: n=438, 53.7%; Hispanic: n=133, 16.3%; Black: n=51, 6.3%; n=263, 56.1% had a high social vulnerability score). Participants most commonly joined the following peer communities: loneliness (n=220, 27%), building self-esteem (n=187, 23%), coping with depression (n=179, 22%), and anxiety (n=114, 14%). Program engagement was high, with 90% (n=733) engaged with the platform at 60 days and 86% (n=701) at 90 days. There was a statistically (P<.001 for all outcomes) and clinically significant improvement in all clinical outcomes of interest: a 14.6% (mean 6.47) decrease in loneliness at 90 days; a 50.1% (mean 1.89) decline in depression symptoms at 90 days; a 29% (mean 1.42) reduction in anxiety symptoms at 90 days; and a 13% (mean 21.35) improvement in health-related quality of life at 90 days. Based on changes in health-related quality of life, we estimated a reduction in annual medical costs of US $615 per participant. The program was successful in referring participants to behavioral health educational resources, with 27% (n=217) of participants accessing a resource about how to best support those experiencing psychological distress and 15% (n=45) of women accessing a program about the risks of excessive alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a digitally enabled peer support program can be effective in addressing loneliness, depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life among a diverse population of adults with loneliness. Moreover, it holds promise as a tool for identifying and referring members to relevant behavioral health resources.

The Effects of Dental Hygiene Instrument Handles on Muscle Activity Production.

Purpose The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ten commercially available instrument handle designs' mass and diameter on forearm muscle activity during a simulated periodontal scaling experience.Methods A convenience sample of 25 registered dental hygienists were recruited for this IRB-approved study. Ten commercially available instruments were categorized into four groups based on their masses and diameters: large diameter/light mass, small diameter/light mass, large diameter/heavy mass, and small diameter/heavy mass. Participants were randomized to four instruments with one from each group. Participants scaled with each instrument in a simulated oral environment while muscle activity was collected using surface electromyography. Muscle activity was compared among the four instrument group types.Results Muscle activity of the flexor digitorum superficialis was not significantly influenced by instrument mass (p=0.60) or diameter (p=0.15). Flexor pollicis longus muscle activity was not significantly influenced by instrument mass (p=0.81); diameter had a significant effect (p=0.001) with smaller diameter instruments producing more muscle activity. For the extensor digitorum communis and extensor carpi radialis brevis, instrument mass did not significantly affect muscle activity (p=0.64, p=0.43), while diameter narrowly failed to reach significance for both muscles (p=0.08, p=0.08); muscle activity for both muscles increased with smaller diameter instruments.Conclusion Results from this study indicate instrument diameter is more influential than mass on muscle activity generation; small diameter instruments increased muscle activity generation when compared to large diameter instruments. Future research in real-world settings is needed to determine the clinical impact of these findings.

Safety of exercise training in multiple sclerosis: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: A review of the safety profile of exercise training in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been conducted since 2013. OBJECTIVE: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise training published since 2013 and quantified estimated population risks of clinical relapse, adverse events (AE) and serious adverse event (SAE). METHODS: Articles reporting safety outcomes from comparisons of exercise training with non-exercise among persons with MS were identified. The risk of bias was established from study's internal validity assessed using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Rates and estimated mean population relative risks (RRs; 95% confidence interval (CI)) of safety outcomes were calculated, and random-effects meta-analysis estimated the mean RR. RESULTS: Forty-six interventions from 40 RCTs (N = 1780) yielded 46, 40 and 39 effects for relapse, AE, adverse effects and SAE, respectively. The mean population RRs ((95% CI), p-value) for relapse, AE and SAE were 0.95 ((0.61, 1.48), p = 0.82), 1.40 ((0.90, 2.19), p = 0.14) and 1.05 ((0.62, 1.80), p = 0.85), respectively. No significant heterogeneity is observed for any outcome. CONCLUSION: In studies that reported safety outcomes, there was no higher risk of relapse, AE, adverse effects or SAE for exercise training than the comparator. Exercise training may be promoted as safe and beneficial to persons with MS.

The intergenerational transmission of economic adversity, BMI, and emotional distress from adolescence to middle adulthood.

The present study examined the intergenerational transmission of economic adversity, as well as physical and mental health across generations. Specifically, we examined the effects of parental economic adversity, body mass index (BMI), and emotional distress during the child's adolescence on their economic adversity, BMI, and emotional distress in middle adulthood. The study included 366 Generation 1 (G1) mothers and fathers and their adolescents (Generation 2; G2) in middle adulthood. G1 behavior was examined when G2 was 16 years old and G2 behavior was assessed at Age 42. In line with aspects of the family stress model, economic hardship was related to economic pressure, which in turn was related to emotional distress for both G1 and G2. For each generation, economic pressure was also associated with BMI. There was also evidence of the intergenerational transmission of economic hardship, BMI, and emotional distress from G1 to G2. Finally, the intergenerational transmission of economic adversity in the family of origin to adult health outcomes was explained by these same health behaviors of the first generation. Results suggest that economic adversity and parental health behaviors as experienced in adolescence have long-term economic and health consequences into middle adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Complete genome sequence of phi29-like Microbacterium foliorum podovirus phage PineapplePizza.

Bacteriophage PineapplePizza is a podovirus infecting Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224. The genome is 16,662 bp long and contains 23 predicted protein-coding genes. Interestingly, PineapplePizza shows amino acid similarities to well-studied Bacillus subtilis phage phi29.

The effects of dental hygiene instrument handles on muscle activity production.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of 10 commercially available instrument handle designs' mass and diameter on forearm muscle activity during a simulated periodontal scaling experience. METHODS: A convenience sample of 25 registered dental hygienists was recruited for this IRB-approved study. Ten commercially available instruments were categorized into four groups based on their masses and diameters: large diameter/light mass, small diameter/light mass, large diameter/heavy mass and small diameter/heavy mass. Participants were randomized to four instruments, one from each group. Participants scaled with each instrument in a simulated oral environment while muscle activity was collected using surface electromyography. Muscle activity was compared among the four instrument group types. RESULTS: Muscle activity of the flexor digitorum superficialis was not significantly influenced by instrument mass (p = 0.60) or diameter (p = 0.15). Flexor pollicis longus muscle activity was not significantly influenced by instrument mass (p = 0.81); diameter had a significant effect (p = 0.001), with smaller diameter instruments producing more muscle activity. For the extensor digitorum communis and extensor carpi radialis brevis, instrument mass did not significantly affect muscle activity (p = 0.64, p = 0.43), while diameter narrowly failed to reach significance for both muscles (p = 0.08, p = 0.08); muscle activity for both muscles increased with smaller diameter instruments. CONCLUSION: Results from this study indicate instrument diameter is more influential than mass on muscle activity generation; small diameter instruments increased muscle activity generation when compared to large diameter instruments. Future research in real-world settings is needed to determine the clinical impact of these findings.

Use of Insomnia Treatments and Discussions About Sleep with Health Professionals Among Australian Adults with Mental Health Conditions.

Background: Insomnia is a common issue among individuals with mental health conditions, yet the frequency of insomnia treatment remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of probable insomnia, discussions regarding sleep with health professionals, and the utilisation of commonly delivered insomnia treatments in Australian adults diagnosed with mental health conditions. Methods: This study represents a secondary analysis of data collected through a cross-sectional, national online survey conducted in 2019. A subset included participants (n = 624, age 18-85y) who self-reported a diagnosis of depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, panic disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Participants were classed as having probable insomnia based on self-reported symptoms and a minimum availability of 7.5 hours in bed. Results: Among individuals with probable insomnia (n = 296, 47.4%), 64.5% (n = 191) reported discussing sleep with one or more health professionals, predominantly with general practitioners (n = 160, 83.8%). However, 35.4% (n = 105) of people with probable insomnia had not discussed their sleep with a health professional. Additionally, 35.1% (n = 104) used prescribed medication for sleep, while only 15.9% (n = 47) had used the first line recommended treatment of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in the last 12 months. Conclusion: Although most participants who met the criteria for probable insomnia had engaged in discussions about sleep with health professionals, utilisation of first line recommended treatment was low. Interventions that promote routine assessment of sleep and first line treatment for insomnia by health professionals would likely benefit people with mental health conditions.

Therapeutically useful mycobacteriophages BPs and Muddy require trehalose polyphleates.

Mycobacteriophages show promise as therapeutic agents for non-tuberculous mycobacterium infections. However, little is known about phage recognition of Mycobacterium cell surfaces or mechanisms of phage resistance. We show here that trehalose polyphleates (TPPs)-high-molecular-weight, surface-exposed glycolipids found in some mycobacterial species-are required for infection of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium smegmatis by clinically useful phages BPs and Muddy. TPP loss leads to defects in adsorption and infection and confers resistance. Transposon mutagenesis shows that TPP disruption is the primary mechanism for phage resistance. Spontaneous phage resistance occurs through TPP loss by mutation, and some M. abscessus clinical isolates are naturally phage-insensitive due to TPP synthesis gene mutations. Both BPs and Muddy become TPP-independent through single amino acid substitutions in their tail spike proteins, and M. abscessus mutants resistant to TPP-independent phages reveal additional resistance mechanisms. Clinical use of BPs and Muddy TPP-independent mutants should preempt phage resistance caused by TPP loss.

Effects of a brief self-compassion intervention for college students with impostor phenomenon.

The present study used a latent growth curve modeling approach to (a) examine the effectiveness of a brief self-compassion intervention on reducing impostor phenomenon, maladaptive perfectionism, and psychological distress and (b) explore who would benefit more from this intervention. A total of 227 college students at a large Midwest university were randomly assigned to participate in either a 4-week brief self-compassion intervention group or a nonintervention control group. Analyses of the effectiveness of the intervention suggested the brief self-compassion intervention had significant treatment effects for reducing impostor phenomenon and maladaptive perfectionism. Moreover, this study also examined whether participants with different levels of fear of self-compassion and core self-evaluation would report different levels of treatment effectiveness. Fear of self-compassion was found to be a significant moderator of the intervention effects in reducing maladaptive perfectionism and psychological distress. Specifically, participants in the intervention group with higher levels of fear of self-compassion reported a greater decline in both maladaptive perfectionism and psychological distress over time when compared to those with lower levels of fear of self-compassion. Core self-evaluation significantly moderated the effectiveness of this intervention in reducing participants' levels of impostor phenomenon and maladaptive perfectionism. Specifically, participants in the intervention group with lower core self-evaluation reported a greater reduction in maladaptive perfectionism over time when compared to those with higher core self-evaluation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Strong on-Chip Microwave Photon-Magnon Coupling Using Ultralow-Damping Epitaxial Y3Fe5O12 Films at 2 K.

Y3Fe5O12 is arguably the best magnetic material for magnonic quantum information science (QIS) because of its extremely low damping. We report ultralow damping at 2 K in epitaxial Y3Fe5O12 thin films grown on a diamagnetic Y3Sc2Ga3O12 substrate that contains no rare-earth elements. Using these ultralow damping YIG films, we demonstrate for the first time strong coupling between magnons in patterned YIG thin films and microwave photons in a superconducting Nb resonator. This result paves the road toward scalable hybrid quantum systems that integrate superconducting microwave resonators, YIG film magnon conduits, and superconducting qubits into on-chip QIS devices.

Older Adults' Experiences in a Web-Based Intervention for Loneliness.

Background: Older adults may be vulnerable to loneliness due to natural and age-related transitions. Lonely older adults are at an increased risk of adverse health outcomes due to their loneliness, including cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of vulnerable older adults in a web-based loneliness intervention. Methods: Older adult participants in a web-based loneliness intervention (n = 24) participated in semi-structured interviews eliciting feedback about their experience in the program and perceived outcomes. Participants' responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Participants reported fewer negative perceptions of their social skills and future social interactions, gaining new social skills, improved relationships, and increased confidence to initiate and maintain social contact. Conclusions: Findings suggest the efficacy of combining a web-based loneliness intervention with cognitive behavioral therapy, and provide implications for future web-based interventions for older adult populations.